Effects of Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation on Animal Physiology and Behaviour: An Interdisciplinary Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63147/krjs.v4i4.225Keywords:
radiation exposure, oxidative stress, animal physiology, behaviour, vertebrates, invertebratesAbstract
The radiation affects animals differently based on their kind, intensity and animal biology. Direct impairment of DNA and weakening of the immune system and an augmentation of oxidative stress may be produced by ionizing radiation like X-rays and gamma rays. Non-ionizing radiation (ultraviolet light, electromagnetic fields) does not fragment the bonds between atoms, but can alter hormonal balance, reproduction, behaviour and circadian rhythms. Studies conducted in the highly polluted areas such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, and also in controlled laboratory research indicate that the animals are not responsive to radiation. This is more sensitive to amphibians and some bird species and the inefficiency of the DNA repair system and the resilience of antioxidant systems helps some insects and invertebrates to cope with it. Such effects on the environment usually go outside individuals and interfere with population structure, migration, reproduction and food-web stability. The review unites both vertebrates and invertebrates’ evidence to compare the effects of radiation on their physiology and ecology. It marks significant processes like oxidative stress, DNA damage, hormonal destabilization and behavioural alteration. These responses have important implications on understanding the protection of wildlife and also on the establishment of realistic radiological safety standards and future research priorities.
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